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The causes of the career of Adolf Hitler
Reasons for Adolf Hitler’s career.
Bogdan Jacek Góralski
bogdangoralski@wp.pl
Library of the History Faculty of the University of Warsaw
Contents
Introduction Admission 2
Reasons for Adolf Hitler’s career 2
The causes of the career of Adolf Hitler 5
Wikipedia quotes 7
The quotes from Wikipedia 9
Jewish solidarity knows no bounds 10
Jewish solidarity knows no boundaries 11
The socio-demographic situation in the German Reich. Socio-demographic situation in the German Reich 13
The food situation of the German Reich and climate change 15
The European Economic Crisis 1985-1914 and the stagnation in recruits size of the growth 26
Cereal production decline and climate change in Europe 26
The relationship between northern hemisphere rainfall and torque pulses in the sun’s motion. Relationship Between Rainfall in the Northern Hemisphere and Impulses of the Torque in the Sun’s Motion. 32
Food and the living needs of the Germans 38
Agricultural and social policy of the Nazis 46
Sexual needs of Germans and Hitler’s program 55
The exchange of elites in Nazi Germany 57
Summary 58
Historical regularities 60
We are witnesses increasing war between world women leading in the US and the world men those in power in Russia and China and Europe . The ruthless one war leads to ruin our world and it’s necessary to her as soon as possible interrupt . Very possibly with help _ _ virtual world above us I will make it I end . European war described below were caused fight gender for governance above world , but until the next one war NO We can allow . Let’s read therefore below about the secrets history kind human described in mine publications on Google Books.
We are witnessing a growing war between the world of women leading the US and the world of men ruling Russia, China, and Europe. This ruthless war is ruining our world and must be stopped as soon as possible. It is very possible that with the help of the virtual world above us, I will be able to finish it. The European wars described below were caused by the struggle of the sexes to rule the world, but we cannot allow another war. Let us read below about the secrets of the history of mankind described in my publications on Google Books.
Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Austria (in the district town of Braunau am Inn near the border with Bavaria) after a period of strong quantitative development of the German-speaking population (1876-1900) and the development of the economic power of the German Empire. The European economic crisis caused by the increasing drought in 1882-1913 led to an increase in pro-war sentiments in Europe and around the world and the outbreak of World War I.
The crisis also affected the US from 1895 to 1931, as seen in the figure above, and was magnified by European import tariffs on grain – the basis of US exports. The global crisis related to the age-old minimum of the Sun’s magnetic activity lasted in the years 1885-1931 and, as usual, it was accompanied by long-term unfavorable climatic perturbations for people, causing an increase in inflation and food prices, causing an increase in social aggression around the world.
(source of drawing link: https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1800?amount=1 )
Feudal European monarchs led armies of desperate young men born in a period of prosperity (deprived of a chance for a happy life by the economic crisis) into a devastating war that reduced the size of the population. The defeat of the Germans in the war against the Allies resulted in the collapse of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the development of parliamentary democracies in German territories. Post-war economic chaos, the need to repay war debts and reparations, and the change of power elites resulted in a deterioration of the living conditions of the German population. The inflow of American capital to Germany after the adoption of the Dawes Plan for the Weimar Republic in 1924 was supposed to alleviate the effects of the post-war crisis, but the food crisis and famine caused by the deprivation of fertile grain growing areas from Germany (granted to Poland as a result of the Treaty of Versailles) resulted in the growth of revolutionary moods in German society. American capital from the Dawes Plan was transferred to the control of German Jews, which gave them wealth and privileges in German society. In a short time, 20 billion reichsmarks were pumped into the German economy, and Germany paid only 10 billion reichsmarks in reparations and interest on loans. Increasing unemployment and post-war poverty in the German population favored the career of the populist Adolf Hitler, who created a party defending German workers – NSDAP, which in 1933 won a parliamentary majority and began governing the Weimar Republic. In a short time, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, a plan was created for the restoration of the German Empire, the so-called The Third Reich , but the condition was to gain financial independence for the Nazi government. Financial control in the Western world belongs to Jews, mainly Americans, who controlled Germany through the 522,000-strong German Jewish community. In order to gain independence to implement his plans to improve the existence of the German nation, Adolf Hitler decided to eliminate the financial and economic influence of German Jews by taking over their properties. Taking advantage of his popularity, Hitler started anti-Jewish propaganda, which found a response in the impoverished German society, which saw the wealth of German Jews. In January 1937, Adolf Hitler announced the financial independence of the Third Reich (and the termination of the Dawes Plan ), which, due to the lack of inflow of Jewish-controlled capital to Germany, could only be maintained by further conquests and economic exploitation of the conquered countries.
This triggered World War II and the exodus and extermination of European Jews.
We see, therefore, that all attempts to play politically on people’s moods, which are permissible in parliamentary democracies, bring power to populists who, using the apparatus of propaganda, disturb the psychological balance in societies focused on survival and bring disruptions to the global economic system that strives for balance. However, this balance is difficult to achieve due to regional climate changes, which worsen business prosperity in zones affected by the climate crisis. Restoring global balance can only be achieved through an international economic, ideological and ethical compromise that will allow us to use the advantages of all participants in the global compromise agreement.
I described the outline of this new international business and political order in my articles published in Google Books entitled ” More science, ethics, culture for the modern and future world” and “The Third Way between capitalism and communism”.
Warsaw, February 16 – September 9 , 2020 Bogdan Góralski
Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, in Austria (in the district town of Braunau am Inn near the Bavarian border) after a period of strong quantitative development of the German-speaking population (1876-1900) and the development of the economic power of the German Empire. The European economic crisis caused by the growing drought in 1882-1913 led to an increase in pro-war moods in Europe (and around the world) and the outbreak of World War I.
The crisis also affected the USA from 1895 to 1931, as shown in the figure above, and was exacerbated by European grain import duties – the basis of American exports. The global crisis related to the period of minimum magnetic activity of the Sun lasted in the years 1885-1931 and as usual, it was accompanied by long-term unfavorable climate perturbations causing an increase in inflation and food prices, causing an increase in social aggression around the world.
(drawing source link: https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1800?amount=1)
Feudal European monarchs led armies of desperate young men born in a prosperous period (deprived of a chance for a happy life by the economic crisis) into a devastating war that reduced the size of the population. The defeat of the Germans in the war with the Allies caused the fall of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the development of parliamentary democracies on the territory settled by Germans. The post-war economic disorder, the necessity to pay off war debts and reparations as well as the change of the ruling elite caused the living conditions of the German population to deteriorate. The influx of American capital to Germany after the adoption of the Dawes Plan for the Weimar Republic in 1924 was supposed to alleviate the effects of the post-war crisis, but the food crisis and hunger caused by the taking from German of fertile grain lands ( granted to Poland as a result of the Versailles Treaty) caused the rise of revolutionary moods in German society. American capital from the Dawes Plan was transferred to the control of German Jews, which gave them wealth and privileges in German society. In a short time, 20 billion Reichsmarks were pumped into the economy of Germany, and during that time Germany only paid 10 billion Reichsmarks in reparations and interest on loans. Rising unemployment and post-war poverty in the German population favored the career of the populist Adolf Hitler, who formed the party defending German workers – the NSDAP, which in 1933 won a parliamentary majority and began to rule in the Weimar Republic. In a short time, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, a plan was created to restore the German Empire, the Third Reich , but the condition was to gain financial independence for the Nazi government. The control of finances in the Western world belongs to the Jews, mostly American, who controlled Germany with the help of the German Jewish community of 522,000. In order to gain independence for the implementation of his plans to improve the existence of the German nation, Adolf Hitler decided to liquidate the financial and economic influence of German Jews by taking over their property. Taking advantage of his popularity, Hitler started anti-Jewish propaganda, which found a response in the impoverished German society, that had seen the wealth of German Jews. In January 1937, Adolf Hitler announced the financial independence of the Third Reich (and the termination of the Dawes plan), which, with the absence of an influx of Jewish-controlled capital to Germany, could only be sustained by successive conquests and economic exploitation of the conquered countries.
This triggered the Second World War as well as the exodus and extermination of European Jews.
So we see that all attempts to play politically on people’s moods allowed in parliamentary democracies bring power to populists who, by using the propaganda apparatus, violate the psychological balance in societies aimed at survival and bring about disturbances in the global economic system that is tending to the balance. However, this balance is difficult to achieve due to regional climate change, which worsens business prosperity in zones affected by the climate crisis. Restoring global equilibrium can only take place through an international economic, ideological, and ethical compromise that will make use of the strengths of all participants in the global compromise agreement.
I have described the outline of this new international business and political order in my articles published in Google Books entitled “More science, ethics, culture for the modern and future world” and “The Third Way between capitalism and communism”.
Warsaw, February 16 – September 9, 2020 Bogdan Góralski
Adolf Hitler (born April 20 1889 in Braunau am Inn , died April 30 1945 in Berlin ) – German politician of Austrian origin , Reich Chancellor from January 30, 1933 ( wikipedia downloaded on 16/02/2020 4;47 link https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler ).
Adolf Hitler ( born April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, died April 30, 1945 in Berlin) – German politician of Austrian origin , Chancellor of the Reich from January 30, 1933 ( wikipedia downloaded on 16/02/2020 4; 47 link https://pl. wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler ) . _ _
Dawes Plan (named after the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize winner Charles Gates Dawes ) – a historic economic plan to spread German war reparations after World War I over many years and to grant Germany loans of $200 million to repay them. It was developed in order to stabilize the German post-war economy by a team of experts led by the American banker Charles Dawes , adopted on August 16, 1924 during the so-called London Conference and adopted by the Reichstag on August 30, 1924.
When, after severe hyperinflation in Germany , in September 1923, relative currency stabilization finally occurred, the world decided to jointly attempt to regulate the issue of post-war reparations. The rise to power of the Labor Party in Great Britain and the Left Cartel in France further encouraged compromise. An international committee of experts , established on this issue on the initiative of the United States , determined the installments that Germany was to repay over the next 5 years. They increased gradually from $200 to $600 million per year. Thus, all German liabilities would be repaid within forty-odd years. It was planned to subject German finances to control and repayment payments to be secured, among others. revenues from the railway , which was transformed for this purpose into a joint-stock company ( Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG) ). Moreover, the Reichsbank became independent from the German government. Germany received access to credits and a currency stabilization loan in the amount of $200 million. After withdrawing from the Ruhr, France and Belgium evacuated approximately 1/3 of the previously occupied zones in the Rhineland.
Consent to the adoption of the Dawes Plan was given during a conference in London, which took place from July 16 to August 30, 1924, with the participation of, among others, Great Britain and France. The Dawes Plan came into force on August 30, 1924 [1] .
The political situation in post-war Germany was finally normalized in 1925, which was confirmed by the Treaty of Locarno . However, the stabilization resulted in a short crisis post-inflation in this country. It brought, among other things, the bankruptcy of the largest speculative venture from the times of hyperinflation – the Hugo Stinnes concern .
Dawes Plan , as a long-term strategy for conducting economic policy towards Germany , contributed to a temporary reduction in political and economic tension in Europe . As a result of its implementation, however, Germany borrowed more money (20 billion marks ) than it repaid (10.3 billion marks). This is one of the reasons why in 1929 the Dawes Plan was replaced by another reparations plan – the Young Plan .
On January 30, 1937, Hitler declared in the Reichstag that he was depriving the German railways and the Reichsbank of their former character, restoring their full subordination to the German Reich. This effectively meant the termination of the London Agreement of August 16, 1924.
(Wikipedia downloaded on February 16, 2016 5:10 https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Dawesa )
The Dawes Plan ( named after the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Charles Gates Dawes ) – a historic economic plan to spread over mana years German war reparations after World War I and to grant loans to Germany of $200 million to pay them back . It was developed to stabilize the German post-war economy by a team of experts led by the American banker Charles Dawes . The plan was adopted on August 16, 1924 during the so-called the London Conference and made effective by the Reichstag on August 30, 1924.
When , after severe hyperinflation in Germany, in September 1923, a relative currency stabilization finally took place, the world decided to join forces to try to regulate the issue of post-war reparations . The coming to power of the Labor Party in Great Britain and the Left Cartel in France additionally favored the compromise . An international committee of experts appointment in this regards at the initiative of the USA defined the installments that Germany was to pay back over the next 5 years . They gradually increased from $200 to $600 million a year . Thus , the entirety of the German obligations would be repaid within forty years . It was planned to subject German finances to control , and to secure reparations , among others , by the revenue from railroad , in turn , which were transformed for this purpose into a joint stock company (Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG)). Moreover , the Reichsbank became independent from the German government . Germany was granted access to loans and a loan for currency stabilization in the amount of $ 200 million . After withdrawing from the Ruhr, France and Belgium evacuated about 1/3 of the previously occupied zones in the Rhineland .
The consent to adopt the Dawes Plan was made during a conference in London, which took place on July 16 – August 30, 1924 with the participation of, among others , Great Britain and France. The Dawes plan entered into force on August 30, 1924 [1].
The political situation of post-war Germany was finally normalized in 1925, as confirmed by the Treaty of Locarno. However , the stabilization resulted in a short post- inflation crisis in this country. It brought , among other things , the bankruptcy of the largest speculative undertaking from the hyperinflationary era – the Hugo Stinnes concern .
The Dawes Plan, as a long -term strategy of economic policy towards Germany, contributed to a temporary reduction in political and economic tensions in Europe. As a result of its implementation , however , Germany borrowed more money (DM 20 billion ) than etc repaid (DM 10.3 billion ). This is one of the reasons why , in 1929, the Dawes Plan was replaced by another plan for reparations , the Young Plan.
On January 30, 1937, Hitler announced in the Reichstag that he was depriving the German railways and the Reichsbank of their former character , restoration their full subordination to the German Reich. In fact , this meant the termination of the London Agreement of August 16, 1924.
A leading large-scale financier associated with the railroad , American Jewish citizen Jacob Henry Schiff (1847-1920) of the Kuhn, Loeb and Company investment house granted bank guarantees thanks to which Japan obtained loans from various institutions on very favorable terms in the amount of $200 million to wage war with Russia. Neither the Rothschild bank nor Jacob.H.Schiff supported Russia (Joanna M. Guzik, Japan’s Attitude to the Jews Question in 1932-1945, Google Books ).
It is necessary to mention here the enormous international solidarity of Jews , which for the first time showed aid for Russian Jews in the fight against tsarism . Thanks to the help of American Jews , Japan obtained loans for the war with Tsarist Russia, and Russia did not obtain any loans . The Tsarist regime failed in the war with Japan and this was precisely the goal of the Jews seeking to weaken the tsarist rules . The solidarity of American Jews with German Jews resulted in the Dawes Plan and the redirection of American capital to German Jews in the Weimar Republic. The likely goal of the Americans was to stop the communist revolt promoted in the Weimar Republic and to stop the expansion of Bolshevism into Western Europe. As I know from my work The Russian Revolution and Climate , the Jewish community saw communism as an to stop anti-Semitism opportunity , and in order to stop the influence of communism among German Jews , the Americans gave them money at their disposal . In the feudal German empire , the German Jews were of little importance , but putting at their disposal of the money from the Dawes Plan gave them great economics power . The quick enrichment of German Jews resulted in the anti-Semitism of impoverished Germans in the Weimar Republic, which was ruined by war reparations . It must be said here that the tremendous solidarity of the Jews ( their tribal Ethical ties ) resulted from their life in a hostile and cruel Christian environment, which was induced to persecute Jews by the Gospels of the Holy Scriptures presenting the untrue story of the life of Jesus Christ .
Jews have experienced during the Exodus by suffering in the history of the last 2,000 years have become people evolutionarily better adapted to life than other nations , and due to their resourcefulness and prudence , and knowledge of the world , they make better use of capital than other nations , and they support each other . To whom , then , were American Jews to donate capital for the development of the humanitarian project of the Weimar Republic, if not German Jews ? But ignorance of the rules of the historical mechanism was common among Jews , therefore their reform efforts ended in the Holocaust. One has to learn a lesson from history not to repeat mistakes such as promoting American policy in Poland. For Europe to be peaceful , Poland should follow its own path and pursue a policy of ideological and economic compromise , the assumptions of which I have described in the works available on Google Books entitled : More science, ethics , culture for the modern and future world “and” The Third Way between capitalism and communism .
Warsaw , September 15-24, 2020 Bogdan Góralski
Schiff (1847-1920) from the Kuhn, Loeb and Company investment house, who conducted large-scale trade, provided bank guarantees thanks to which Japan obtained loans from various institutions on very favorable terms in the amount of $200 million to wage war with Russia. Neither the Rothschild bank nor Jacob.H.Schiff provided support to Russia (Joanna M. Guzik, Japan’s attitude towards the Jewish issue in 1932-1945, Google Books -link https://books.google.pl/books?id=LyCmCwAAQBAJ&pg= PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=loan+for+Japan+in+war+with+Russia%C4%85&source=bl&ots=w8CggSboln&sig=ACfU3U3lGBddI0u7QAefjdSwPTUb_SYxng&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqoZr6mtXnAhUq4aYKH fOiCvgQ6AEwBHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=loan%20for%20Japan%20in%20war%20z% 20Russ%C4%85&f=false )
It is necessary to mention here the enormous international solidarity of Jews, which for the first time was marked by helping Russian Jews in the fight against tsarism. Thanks to the help of American Jews, Japan obtained loans for the war with Tsarist Russia, but Russia did not receive any loans. Tsarism was defeated in the war with Russia, and this was the goal of the Jews seeking to weaken the tsarist power. The solidarity of American Jews with German Jews resulted in the Dawes Plan and the diversion of American capital intended for German Jews in the Weimar Republic. The probable goal of the Americans was to stop the communist revolt promoted in the Weimar Republic and to stop the expansion of Bolshevism to Western Europe. As you know from my work “The Russian Revolution and the Climate”, the Jewish community saw communism as a chance to stop anti-Semitism, and in order to stop the influence of communism among German Jews, the Americans gave them money. In the German feudal empire, German Jews did not have much importance, but the allocation of capital from the Dawes Plan to their disposal gave them great economic power. The rapid enrichment of German Jews resulted in anti-Semitism among impoverished Germans in the Weimar Republic, ruined by war reparations. It must be stated here that the great solidarity of the Jews (their tribal ethical bonds) resulted from their living in a hostile and cruel Christian environment, which was encouraged to persecute the Jews by the Gospels of the Holy Scriptures presenting a false story of the life of Jesus Christ.
The Jews, experienced during the Exodus and suffering in the history of the last 2,000 years, have become people, evolutionarily better adapted to life than other nations, and through their resourcefulness and foresight as well as knowledge of the world, they use capital better than other nations and, what is important, they support each other. So who were American Jews supposed to transfer capital for the development of the humanitarian project of the Weimar Republic to, if not German Jews? But ignorance of the rules of historical mechanism was common also among Jews, which is why their reform efforts ended in the Holocaust. We need to draw lessons from history so as not to repeat mistakes such as promoting American policy in Poland. For Europe to be peaceful, Poland should follow its own path and pursue a policy of ideological and economic compromise, the assumptions of which I described in the works available on Google Books entitled: More science, ethics, culture for the modern and future world” and “The Third Way between capitalism and communism “.
Warsaw, September 15-24 , 2020 Bogdan Góralski
In 1871, during a violent drought in Prussia, a decision was made to unite the German principalities and create the German Empire under the rule of Prussia, which made Germany an administratively efficient power. This contributed to Germany’s economic development and colonial expansion in Africa and the Far East. Before 1875, German Junker grain was exported to England. Since 1870 competition from American grain on the European market was undercutting the roots of local economies based on agriculture, including German agriculture. From 1879, customs duties on grain imports were introduced in Germany. The decline in world food prices in the period 1871-1882 (the costs of transporting food by steamships and railways were reduced) and the generally favorable agricultural and economic situation resulting from a warming climate resulted in a rapid development of the German and Austrian population. This is evidenced by the high birth rates between 1876 and 1900 (See Figure 1).
In 1871, during a violent crime drought in Prussia , it was decided to unite the German principalities and create the German Empire under the rule of Prussia , which made Germany an administratively efficient power . This contributed to the economic development of Germany and colonial expansion in Africa and the Far East. Before 1875, German grain was exported to England. From 1870. the competition of American grain on the European market undercut the roots of local agriculture-based economies , including German agriculture . From 1879, duties were introduced in Germany on the import of cereals . The decline in world food prices in the period 1871-1882 (the costs of food transport by steamers and railroads were lowered ) and the generally favorable agricultural and economic situation resulting from global warming resulted in the rapid development in numbers of the German and Austrian populations . This is evidenced by the high birth rates in the years 1876-1900 ( See Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Total European and Japanese fertility Data from 1801-1950 from the European part of Russia come from (Glass 1965: 97 tab.20). (author of the drawing Bogdan Góralski). Birth rates (crude birth rate) in populations covered by revolutions and wars from 1750 to 1955. Dark violet -Russia, violet-Germany, dark blue-Austria, brown-Japan, light blue-England, green-Italy, yellow-France.
Sources of data:
Date 1750-1840 for France. David Victor Glass, World Population, tab. p. 101
Date 1841-1955 for France, Germany, England, Austria DV Glass, World Population, tab. pp. 68-69
Date for Austria-Hungary until 1906.
To calculate the birth rate in the English population, data from the book Wrigley EA, Schofield RS, “The Population History of England 1541-1871. A reconstruction. London 1981:
Data from Table 7.8 on pages 208-209 on the size of the population: Quinennial English population totals 1541-1871
Data from Table A2.3 on pages 496-502 about the number of births.
Data from these two tables above were used to calculate the crude birth rate in England
Date 1801-1950 for the European part of Russia: David Victor Glass, World Population, table 20, p. 97
Data for Japan: from 1911-1943 from the Statistical Year-Book of the League of Nations, p. 41
Data for Italy: David Victor Glass, World Population, tab. p. 68.
The share of men in the German population was increasing, which results from biological mechanisms governing the sexual composition of the population. Good nutrition of mothers causes an increase in the births of boys and, conversely, poor nutrition of mothers causes an increase in the births of girls. Industrialization also enabled significant population density. The large number of births in these years resulted in the creation of a baby boom 20-25 years later, i.e. during World War I. The masculinization of the German population and its rapid growth related to favorable living conditions resulting from global warming caused subsequent problems during the next climate cooling and the global increase in food prices in the years 1882-1913.
The share of men in the German population increased , which results from the biological mechanisms governing the gender composition of the population . Good mother nutrition increases the births of boys , and conversely , poor mother nutrition increases the births of girls. Industrialization also allowed for significant growth in population density . A large number of births in those years resulted in the emergence of a baby boom 20-25 years later , i.e. during the First World War. The masculinization of the German population as well as its rapid growth related to favorable living conditions resulting from global warming caused problems later during the next climate cooling and the global increase in food prices in the years 1882-1913.
The population boom in German countries was coupled with a food crisis in 1882-1913.
The demographic boom in German countries was coupled with the food crisis of 1882-1913.
Fig. 2. Annual cereal production in Germany in kg per capita in the years 1870-1938 (author of the drawing: Bogdan Góralski)
Date for the chart from work:
Łuczak Czesław (2004) The economic history of Germany 1871-1990 volume I. Second Reich and the Weimar Republic, page 14, table 3 – population of the Reich and page 36, table 14 – average grain production in the Reich.
Łuczak Czesław (2006) Economic history of Germany 1871-1990 volume II. Third Reich, page 15, table 1 – population of the Reich and page 27, table 8 – average grain production in the Reich).
Fig. No. 2. Annual cereal production in Germany in kg per capita in the years 1870-1938 (author of the drawing: Bogdan Góralski)
Data for the work chart:
Łuczak Czesław (2004) Economic history of Germany 1871-1990, volume I. The Second Reich and the Weimar Republic, page 14, table 3 – population of the Reich and page 36, table 14 – average grain production in the Reich.
Łuczak Czesław (2006) Economic history of Germany 1871-1990, volume II. Third Reich, page 15, table 1 – population of the Reich and page 27, table 8 – average grain production in the Reich).
The population boom was coupled with a food crisis caused by cooling (See Figure 3, part 6 for Central Europe – rapid cooling of the climate since 1900) and a crisis situation arose .
Fig. 3. Summer temperature reconstructions in Europe in the years 1400-2000
We rely here on air temperature reconstructions during the summer periods described at work:
Raymond S. Bradley, Philip D.Jones , “Little Ice Age” summer temperature variations: their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends , The Holocene 3.4 (1993) pp. 367-376
http://hol.sagepub.com/content/3/4/367.abstract
In BR Mitchell’s book ” European Historical Statistics 1750–1975” contains data on annual precipitation in major European cities in the years 1750–1975. I used this data to create the graph below showing rainfall variability over the period 1870-1950 in Frankfurt am Main – in the west of Germany and Berlin in the east of Germany Figure 4.
In BR Mitchell’s book, European Historical Statistics 1750-1975, there is data on annual atmospheric precipitation in major European cities in the period 1750-1975. I used this data to create the following chart showing the variability of rainfall during the period 1870-1950 in Frankfurt on Main -on the west of German and Berlin on the East of the German territory Fig 4.
Fig.4. Rainfall (in mm) in Frankfurt on Main9color blue) and Berlin in period 1870-1950
Source of data: BR Mitchell’s book, European Historical Statistics 1750-1975
FIG. 7. Normalized annual precipitation anomalies (zero line is the 1900–88 mean) of hemispheric and global land areas. The solid lines are smoothed values obtained using an improved nine-point binomial fi lter . The anomalies are derived from the gridded dataset, which has no data over open oceans (cf. Fig. 1) using area-weighted averaging. The numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations of the curves (in millimeters) used in the normalization.
Source of the graph: Surface Observed Global Land Precipitation Variations during 1900–88
AIGUO DAI*
Department of Applied Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York
INEZ Y. FUNG
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada, and NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York
ANTHONY D. DEL GENIO
NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York
(Manuscript received 9 July 1996, in final form 11 October 1996)
ABSTRACT
The authors have analyzed global station data and created a gridded dataset of monthly precipitation for the period of 1900–88. Statistical analyzes suggest that discontinuities associated with instrumental errors are large for many high-latitude station records, although they are unlikely to be signi fi cant for the majority of the stations. The first leading EOF in global precipitation fields is an ENSO-related pattern, concentrating mostly in the low latitudes . The second leading EOF depicts a linear increasing trend (;2.4 mm decade21) in global precipitation fields during the period of 1900–88. Consistent with the zonal precipitation trends identified in previous analyses, the EOF trend is seen as a long-term increase mostly in North America, mid- to high-latitude Eurasia, Argentina, and Australia . The spatial patterns of the trend EOF and the rate of increase are generally consistent with those of the precipitation changes in increasing CO2 GCM experiments. The North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) accounts for ;10% of December–February precipitation variance over North Atlantic surrounding regions. The mode suggests that during high-NAO-index winters, precipitation is above normal in northern (.508N) Europe, the eastern United States, northern Africa, and the Mediterranean, while below-normal precipitation occurs in southern Europe, eastern Canada, and western Greenland. Wet and dry months of one standard deviation occur at probabilities close to those of a normal distribution in midlatitudes. In the subtropics, the mean interval between two extreme events is longer. The monthly wet and dry events rarely (probability , 5%) last longer than 2 months. ENSO is the single largest cause of global extreme precipitation events. Consistent with the upward trend in global precipitation, globally, the averaged mean interval between two dry months increased by ;28% from 1900–44 to 1945–88. The percentage of wet areas over the United States has more than doubled (from ;12% to .24%) since the 1970s, while the percentage of dry areas has decreased by a similar amount since the 1940s. Severe droughts and fl oods comparable to the 1988 drought and 1993 fl ood in the Midwest have occurred 2–9 times in each of several other regions of the world during this century.
FIG. 8. Same as in Fig. 7 except averaged over 208 latitude zones.
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/isotope/europe/france/fontainebleau2016.txt
Publication
# Authors: Inga Labuhn , Valerie Daux , Olivier Girardclos , Michel Stievenard , Monique Pierre, and Valerie Masson- Delmotte
# Published_Date_or_Year : 2016-05-03
# Published_Title : French summer droughts since 1326 CE: A reconstruction based on tree ring cellulose d18O
# Journal_Name : Climate of the Past
#Volume : 12
# Edition:
#Issue :
# Pages: 1101-1117
#DOI : 10.5194/cp-12-1101-2016
# Online_Resource : http://www.clim-past.net/12/1101/2016/
age_AD d18OcellSMOW SPEIrec -JJA
European crisis climate and economy 1895-1914 marked myself stagnation growth growth vintages European conscripts incl _ period as shown below _ work .
Long Run Trends in the Heights of European Men, 19th-20th Centuries
By Timothy J. Hatton (Australian National University and University of Essex) and Bernice E. Bray ( Université Paris I)
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.723.7600&rep=rep1&type=pdf
In the years 1910-1913, the production of cereals per capita in the Reich dropped significantly from 2,090 kg in 1905-1909 to 1,681 kg in 1910-1913 (Figure 2). This was related to the reduction in rainfall to 400 mm/year, which resulted in crop failure in cereal production. The above graph, Fig. No. 2, shows a huge decline in grain production in Germany per capita in the years 1910-1913 and after 1933. The decline in grain production in the years 1910-1913 resulted from the deterioration of climatic conditions, while the decline after 1933 resulted from huge territorial losses of the Second Reich after the Treaty of Versailles – Germany lost large agricultural estates in the east – almost 50,000. km² of grain crops, which radically changed the food situation of German society. The Second Reich was the largest food exporter in the world until the USA entered the European grain market. During the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich, Germany was forced to import huge amounts of food, with expenses increasing from 27.3% in 1934. to 33.3% in 1938 value of imports of the Third Reich (Łuczak 2006:39), which indicates the deteriorating food situation in the Reich. At that time, up to 46.7% of the import value was spent on importing raw materials for German industry. The deteriorating food situation in the Third Reich is also indicated by the decreasing export of German food from 3.7% of the export value in 1933. to 1.0% in 1938
In the years 1910-1913, the production of cereals per capita in the Reich dropped significantly from 2090 kg in 1905-1909 to 1681 kg in 1910-1913 (Fig. No. 2). It was related to a decrease in the amount of precipitation to the level of 400 mm / year , which resulted in a crop failure . The above chart, Fig. 2, shows a huge decrease in cereal production in Germany per capita in the years 1910-1913 and after 1933. huge territorial losses of the Second Reich after the Treaty of Versailles – Germany lost great agricultural areas in the east – almost 50 thousand . km² of cereal crops , which radically changed the food situation of German society . The Second Reich was the largest food exporter in the world until the USA entered the European grain market. During the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich, Germany was forced to import food enormously , for which expenses grew from 27.3% in 1934. to 33.3% in 1938 the value of imports of the Third Reich (Łuczak 2006: 39), which indicates the deteriorating food situation of the Reich. At that time , up to 46.7% of the import value was spent on importing raw materials for the German industry . The deteriorating food situation of the Third Reich is also indicated by the decline exports of German food from 3.7% of the value of exports in 1933. to 1.0% in 1938.
In the years 1871-1914, there was an outflow of the German population from the areas east of the Elbe (the so-called Ostflucht ) moving to the areas of industrialized western Germany. This may also indicate the deterioration of economic and living conditions in Prussia resulting from the climate crisis – cooling and reduction in the amount of atmospheric precipitation (Fig.4). During this period, there was a rapid development of German industry resulting from the oversupply of investment capital. The scale of industrial expansion is reflected in the increase in net investments, the average annual value of which, calculated at 1913 prices, increased from 408 million marks in the years 1870-1874 to 1,950 million marks in the period 1910-1913. Its temporary decline occurred during the crisis years 1883-1886 and 1900-1902. In the period 1871-1913, investment expenditures consumed from 10.3% (1880-1884) to 15.5% (1910-1913) of the net production value (Łuczak 2004:23). The rate of 15.5% of investment spending was the highest rate in German history until 1945. The increase in investments was also caused by the increase in inventiveness and implementation of patents by German scientists. The total value of goods produced during the period in question increased by 446%. More than half of this increase (54%) occurred between 1890 and 1900. The development of heavy industry, more dynamic than other branches of production, led to the predominance of means of production over consumer goods in the total value of all obtained goods after 1890 (Łuczak 2004), which could have caused a crisis during the economic downturn. The state’s industrial policy was protected by the customs system. Germany ranks second in industrial production in the world after the USA.
In the years 1871-1914 the phenomenon of the outflow of the German population from the areas east of the Elbe (the so-called Ostflucht ), moving to the areas of industrialized western Germany, was marked . It may also indicate the deterioration of economic and living conditions in Prussia resulting from the climate crisis – cooling down and decreasing the amount of precipitation (Fig. 4). During this period, the rapid development of German industry , resulting from the oversupply of investment capital , continued . The size of the expansion of the industry is reflected in the increase in net investments , the average annual value of which , calculated in 1913 prices , increased from 408 million marks in the years 1870-1874 to 1950 million marks in the period 1910-1913. Its temporary decline occurred in the crisis years of 1883-1886 and 1900-1902. In the period 1871-1913, investment expenditures consumed from 10.3% (1880-1884) to 15.5% (1910-1913) of the net production value (Łuczak 2004: 23). The 15.5% rate of investment expenditure was the largest rate in the history of Germany until 1945. The increase in investments was also caused by the increase in inventiveness and the implementation of patents of German scientists . The total value of manufactured goods in the analyzed period increased by 446%. More than half of this increase (54%) occurred in the years 1890-1900. The development of heavy industry , more dynamic than other branches of production , led to the achievement of an advantage of the production of means of production over the production of consumer goods in the total value of all goods obtained after 1890 (Łuczak 2004), which could have caused a crisis at the time of economics downturn . The state’s industrial policy was protected by the customs system. Germany moved to second place in industrial production after the USA.
Such strong industrial growth was also caused by the demographic situation ensuring an adequate number of employees. Crafts and large industry developed. A powerful working class emerged. From 1875 to 1913, the number of people employed in the industry of the Second Reich increased from 5.439 million to 11.720 million, which meant an increase of 115.5%. In the period leading up to World War I, the food supply was enormous and the population of German-speaking countries grew rapidly, and with this growth came problems and social tensions related to the deterioration of living conditions. Since 1895 food prices began to rise in Germany and at the same time, due to the oversupply of labor, wages were not very high. Food costs accounted for over 50% of the cost of living. This caused aggression in German society, resulting in tension in internal relations and a conflict situation that was difficult to resolve. The population of Germany increased in the years 1871-1913 by 63.1% from 41.058 million to 66.978 million (Łuczak 2004:14 tab.3). During this period, the supply of labor exceeded the demand, which resulted in large emigration. The population density increased in these years from 76 to 120 people per square kilometer. The birth rate for the German and Austrian populations dropped rapidly from 1905 to 1920, which indicates the deterioration of living conditions for both populations (See Figure 1). In the period 1871-1913 the number of marriages decreased from 8.6 to 7.7 per mille. In the years 1896-1905, there was a return wave of German emigration from the United States, which proves the deterioration of living conditions there in those years (Łuczak 2004).
Such a strong growth of the industry was also caused by the demographics situation ensuring the right number of employees . Craft and big industry developed . A powerful one working class arose . From 1875 to 1913, the number of people employment in the industry of the Second Reich increased from 5.439 million to 11.720 million , which meant an increase of 115.5%. In the period leading up to World War I, the supply of food was huge and the population of German- speaking countries grow rapidly , and along with this growth , problems and social tensions arose related to the determination of living conditions . From 1895. In Germany, food prices started to rise and, at the same time , wages were not very high due to the oversupply of labor . In cost of living , food costs accounted for over 50%. This provoked aggression in German society , and as a result , tension in internal relations and a conflict situation difficult to unload . The population of Germany increased in the years 1871-1913 by 63.1% from 41.058 million to 66.978 million (Łuczak 2004: 14 table 3). During this period, the supply of labor exceeded the demand , which resulted in high emigration . The population density increased in those years from 76 to 120 people per km ². The size of the birth rate for the German and Austrian populations dropped sharply from 1905 to 1920, which proves the deterioration of living conditions for both populations ( See Figure 1). In the period 1871-1913, the number of marriages decreased from 8.6 to 7.7 per mille . In the years 1896-1905, there was a return wave of German emigration from the United States , which proves the deterioration of living conditions there in those years (Łuczak 2004).
In the period 1871-1913, Germany experienced a period of economic growth caused by the following factors:
1. Favorable international conditions,
2. Population growth by 63.1% and internal consumption by 60%,
3. The increase in capital at Germany’s disposal and the development and specialization of credit institutions,
4. Development of science, technology and education: use of the steam engine, combustion engine and electric engine
5. Development of communications and transport
6.Exemplary organization of forms of business activity – companies (joint-stock companies and limited liability companies),
cooperatives,
state-owned enterprises.
7. Expansionary policy resulting from the strength of the combined German states.
The economic crises of these years occurred in Germany in: 1873/74, 1883/86, 1891/94, 1900/02, 1907/1908, 1914/war. The number of fires in these years was significant and began to decrease only in the 1980s, which could indicate droughts and climate change since the 1980s (See Figures 4, 5, 6). Figure no. 5 is not very resolved, but in drawing no. 4 and 6 we see a clear deficiency and reduction in atmospheric precipitation in Germany in the period 1880-1946 and especially in the period 1882-1913. In the period 1912-1913, precipitation in Germany decreased to 400 mm per year, which resulted in a 20% crop failure in the cereal harvest ( Fig 4)
In the period 1871-1913, Germany experienced a period of economics growth caused by the following factors :
1. Favorable international conditions ,
2. Increase in population by 63.1% and increase by 60% of internal consumption ,
3. Increase in the capital at the disposal of Germany and the development and specialization of credit institutions ,
4. Development of science, technology and education : the use of a steam engine , an internal combustion engine and an electric engine
5. Development of communication and transport
6. Exemplary organization of business activities – Companies (joint- stock and limited liability companies ), cooperatives , state-owned enterprises.
7. Expansive policy resulting from the strength of the united German states .
The economics crises of those years occurred in Germany in: 1873/74, 1883/86, 1891/94, 1900/02, 1907/1908, 1914 / war. The number of fires in those years was significant and only started to decline in the 1980s, which could indicate droughts and climate change from the 1980s ( See Fig. 4, 5,6). Figure 5 is not very resolving , but in Figure No. 4 and 6, we see a clear shortage and decrease in precipitation in Germany in the period 1880-1946, and especially in the period 1882-1913. In the period 1912-1913, rainfall in Germany decreased to the level of 400 mm per year , which resulted in a 20% crop failure in the cereal harvest ( Fig 4)
Fig. 5. Precipitation indicators for Europe, the USA, Russia, North Africa, the Middle East and South-East Asia in the years 1850-1980
Fig. No. 5. Precipitation rates for Europe, the USA, Russia, northern Africa and the Middle East and southeast Asia in the years 1850-1980
The paper was presented at the Conference on the Impact of Solar Activity on Climate, held at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt , Maryland, April 24-27, 1990.
This paper was presented at the Conference on the Climate Impact of Solar Activity, held at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, April 24-27, 1990.
Fig. 6. Smoothed 2-year running variance v, of yearly rainfall totals (mm) derived from observations of 14 German stations by Baur, for the period 1851-1983. Arrows mark epochs of minima in the 9-year running variance v of the sun’s orbital angular momentum. Open circles designate respective maxima in v. The significant correlation between these solar and terrestrial data is corroborated by rainfall observations from England, Wales, eastern US, and India.
Source of Figure 6.: Landscheid T.,1990, Relationship Between Rainfall in the Northern Hemisphere and Impulses of the Torque in the Sun’s Motion, Link: http ://bourabai.narod.ru/ landscheidt /relationship.htm
Fig. 6. Smoothed two-year running variance v total annual precipitation (mm) from observations of 14 German Baura stations for the years 1851-1983. The arrows mark the epochs of minima in the 9-year running variance v of the Sun’s orbital angular momentum. The open circles mark the corresponding maxima in w . The significant correlation between these solar and terrestrial data is supported by rainfall observations from England, Wales, the eastern United States, and India. Source of Figure 6: Landscheid T., 1990, Relationship between Northern Hemisphere rainfall and torque pulses in the motion of the sun, Link above.
In the first quarter of a century of the existence of the Second Reich, the situation of German agriculture was favorable. The inflow of large amounts of cheap grain from the USA to Europe after 1860 led to the displacement of German grain from the British market within a dozen or so years. Due to higher grain production costs, Germany lost the British market and its position as the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products. The decline in exports increased the supply on the internal market, which was also supplied with cheap Russian grain. Therefore, from January 1, 1880, the authorities introduced protective duties on grain and some of its products. In the history of German agriculture in the years 1871-1914, two main periods were clearly marked (Łuczak 2004:33):
In the first 25 years of the existence of the Second Reich, the situation of German agriculture was going on well . The influx of large amounts of cheap grain from the USA to Europe after 1860 led to the displacement of German grain from the British market within a dozen or Sat years . Due to higher grain.grain production costs , Germany has lost the British market and the position of the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products. The decline in exports increased the supply on the domestic market, which was then also imported cheap Russian grain . Therefore , from January 1, 1880, the authorities introduced protective duties on grain and some of its products. Two basic periods were clearly marked in the history of German agriculture in the years 1871-1914 (Łuczak 2004: 33):
1. Until the end of 1894 – the supply of agricultural produce most often outweighed the demand, so prices were low, which led to lower agricultural income. As a result, investment outlays were reduced, which amounted to an average of 293.3 million marks per year in the period 1871-1894.
2. From 1895 to 1914 (the period of reduced rainfall in Germany (See Fig.4), a clear increase in demand over supply increases prices and profitability of agriculture, which increases investment outlays – the machineization of agricultural production. The enlarged German population consumed more food. It increased the degree of chemicalization of agriculture also increased – the use of artificial fertilizers and chemicals: herbicides and plant protection increased several times. More land improvement works were carried out, and crop rotation was established. Investment outlays in the period 1895-1913 amounted to an annual average of 621.1 million marks. From 1870 to In 1913, the productivity per hectare of agricultural production doubled (Łuczak 2004:34 table 11), and the cultivated area decreased by 1.9 million hectares. As a result, in the years 1895-1912 the price of land increased by 159%. The number of horses increased by 28, 3%, cattle by 33.1%, pigs by 260.2% (Łuczak 2004:35 table 15). Milk production increased by 81.9%, eggs by 124.6% and honey by 30.8%.
As a result of the increase in breeding, meat production increased from 1.245 million tons in 1871 to 3.183 million tons in 1913, i.e. by 155.7%. Total net agricultural production increased from 1870 to 1910. then it began to decline – especially animal production (Łuczak 2004:38 table 17), which resulted in an increase in food prices due to the negative impact of climatic factors on the volume of agricultural production.
1. Until the end of 1894 – the supply of agricultural produce most often outweighed the demand , therefore the prices were low , which led to a decrease in agricultural income . As a consequence , investment expenditures were reduced , which in the period 1871-1894 amounted to an average of 293.3 million marks per year .
2. From 1895 to 1914 (the period of precipitation reduction in Germany ( See Fig. 4), a marked increase in demand over supply increases the prices and profitability of agriculture , which increases investment expenditure – the mechanization of agricultural production . The population of Germans consumed more food. The degree of chemicalization of agriculture also increased – the use of artificial fertilizers and chemicals agents : herbicides and plant protection increased several times . More drainage works were carried out, and the cultivation was strengthened with crop rotation . Between the years1870-1913 the yield per ha of agricultural production doubled (Łuczak 2004: 34 tab.11), and the cultivation area decreased by 1.9 million ha. As a result , in the years 1895-1912, the price of land increased by 159%. The horse population increased 3%, cattle by 33.1%, pigs by 260.2% (Łuczak 2004: 35 tab.15). Milk production increased by 81.9%, eggs by 124.6%, honey by 30.8%.
As a result of the increase in breeding , the production of meat increased from 1.245 million tonnes in 1871 is 3.183 million tonnes in 1913, ie by 155.7%. Total net agricultural production grew from 1870 to 1910. then etc started to decline – especially livestock production (Łuczak 2004: 38 table 17), which caused an increase in food prices due to the negative impact of climate factors on the volume of agricultural production .
Fig. 7. Grain harvest in Germany in quintals per hectare in the years 1875-1918 (author of the drawing: Bogdan Góralski). Source: Czesław Łuczak (2004), Economic history of Germany 1871-1990. The Second Reich and the Weimar Republic, Poznań : Adam Mickiewicz University Scientific Publishers, data from tables No. 11, page 34 and No. 48, page 82. Chart colors: Wheat-yellow, rye-purple, barley-navy blue.
Fig. No. 7. Cereal harvest in Germany in quintals per hectare in the years 1875-1918 (author of the drawing: Bogdan Góralski). Source: Czesław Łuczak (2004), Economic history of Germany 1871-1990. The Second Reich and the Weimar Republic, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, data from tables: no. 11 p.34 and no. 48 p.82.
Chart colors: Wheat – yellow, rye – purple, barley – navy blue.
In the years 1871-1913, the number of small and medium-sized farms increased and the number of large farms decreased (Łuczak 2004). This resulted in an increase in food production.
From 1900 to 1905, and then in the period 1910-1917. There was a several-year cooling of the global climate (Fig. No. 3), which determined the food supply and economic situation in Germany and throughout Europe. During this period of the 20th century, food prices more than doubled simultaneously around the world (Allen et al. 2012).
In the years 1871-1913 the number of small and medium- sized farms increased and the number of large farms decreased (Łuczak 2004). This contributed to an increase in food production .
From 1900 to 1905, and then in the period 1910-1917. there was a several-year cooling of the global climate (Fig. 3), which determined the food supply and economic prosperity in Germany and throughout Europe. In this period of the 20th century , food prices increased more than twice all over the world (Allen et al. 2012).
Fig. 8. Grain prices in China and Europe in 1738-1906 (in grams of silver per kilogram) Sources: Lower Yangzi Rice Prices and Zhili -Wheat Prices in North China from Lillian M. Li, Integration and Disintegration in North China’s Grain Markets , 1738-1911, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 60, No. 3 (Sept 2000), European prices from Robert C. Allen’s work The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War, Explorations in Economic History, 38, 2001, 411-447
The above chart comes from the work below, which is the result of the collaboration of many authors:
Fig. No. 8. Grain prices in China and Europe in 1738-1906 (in grams of silver per kilogram)
Sources : Prices rice in the lower one Yangzi run i prices wheat in Zhili -in the north China from the work of Lillian M.Li , Integration and Disintegration in North China’s Grain Markets,1738-1911 , The Journal of Economic History, Vol.60,No.3(Sept.2000), European prices from Robert C. Allen’s The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War , Explorations in Economic History, 38, 2001, 411-447
The above chart comes from the following work, which is the result of cooperation between many authors:
Wages, Prices, and Living Standards in China, Japan, and Europe, 1738-1925.
Robert C. Allen, University of Oxford, Nuffield College,
bob.allen@nuffield.oxford.ac.u
Nuffield College, New Road, Oxford OX1 1NF
Jean-Pascal Bassino , Maison Franco- Japonaise , Tokyo/ Hitotsubashi University,
Tokyo, bassino@mfj.gr.jp
Debin Ma, GRIPS/FASID Tokyo, debinma@grips.ac.jp
Christine Moll-Murata, Utrecht University, Christine.Mollmurata@let.uu.nl
Jan Luiten van Zanden , Utrecht University/International Institute for Social History,
Amsterdam, jvz@iisg.nl
Link to the above work: http://www.iisg.nl/research/jvz-wages_prices.pdf
Food shortage causes a crisis mood in society and suppresses sexual needs, resulting in increased stress and tension in social relationships. The result is undoubtedly an increase in aggression levels. Additionally, the good nutrition of the German population (probably other European populations) in the period 1870-1910 causes an increase in the masculinization of society. The increase in the number of young men causes problems with finding sexual partners and starting a family, especially during the economic crisis, which results in an increase in the level of social aggression, resulting in social pressure for war.
I quote: ” The total energy value of food consumed in the Reich in the years 1885-1913 exceeded the total physiological norm of consumption annually, calculated taking into account the age and degree of work difficulty of consumers, by 2,240 billion to 14,020 billion calories, i.e. by 4 to 24%.”
Calories are not everything, but what about protein ?
Food expenses constituted the highest item in the costs of individual consumption of the entire society, ranging in individual years from 1870 to 1913 from 52.1% to 56.3% ( ). Most working families, especially those with large children, still struggled with financial difficulties, which sometimes prevented them from purchasing sufficient amounts of basic foodstuffs or renting larger and slightly higher standard apartments. Until the last days before the outbreak of World War I, reports from almost all major cities of the Reich reported that the poorer population ate mainly bread, potatoes, herrings and cabbage, and that they did not have the financial means to buy meat and butter, and sometimes even milk . Łuczak 2004:68-69).
Food shortage causes crisis moods in society and causes suppression of sexual needs , resulting in increased stress and tension in social relations. The result is a reliably increase in the level of aggression . In addition , the good nutrition of the German population ( probably other European populations ) in the period 1870-1910 increased the masculinization of society . The increase in the number of young men causes problems with finding sexual partners and starting a family, especially during the economic crisis , which results in an increase in the level of social aggression , released in the society urge to war.
And quote : “The total energy value of food consumed in the years 1885-1913 in the Reich exceeded the total physiological consumption norm annually , calculated taking into accounting the age and degree of difficulty of consumers ‘ work by from 2.240 billion to 14.020 billion calories , i.e. 4 is 24%.”
Calories aren’t everything , what about protein?
Moreover , expenditure on food was the highest item in the costs of individual consumption of the entire society , ranging in individual years of the period 1870-1913 from 52.1% to 56.3% (). Most working-class families , especially those with many children , still struggling with finances difficulties , which sometimes prevented them from purchasing a sufficient amount of basic groceries and rentals larger and slightly higher standard apartments . From almost all the major cities of the Reich, until the last days before the outbreak of the First World War, reports were reported that the poorer inhabited people consumed mainly bread , potatoes , herring , and cabbage and that they did not have the financial resources to buy meat and butter , and sometimes even milk “(Łuczak 2004: 68-69).
Meat allocations in Germany ( Grunberger 1987, volume 2) in 1917 ranged from 12.5 kilograms per year per head (in 1938, the allocation per German was 48.6 kg – for comparison, meat consumption in Poland in 2005 ranged from 66 to 80 kg per person per year (Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 2007)).
The population’s menu at that time was probably based on bread, there was certainly less availability of dairy products, fish, etc. due to the lack of refrigerators and freezers at that time – there were not as many meat substitutes as today. The German population was malnourished at that time.
Due to population growth, the populations of Austria and Germany were particularly susceptible to the crisis, and they are considered responsible for the outbreak of World War I. According to historians, the Germans went to this war with joy.
Allocations of meat in Germany ( Grunberger 1987 volume 2) in 1917 oscillated around 12.5 kilograms per year per capita (in 1938 the allowance per head of a German was 48.6 kg – for comparison , meat consumption in Poland in 2005 ranged from 66 to 80 kg annually per person (Concise Statistical Yearbook 2007)).
The menu of the population was then probably based on bread , there was certainly less availability of dairy products, fish , etc. due to the lack of refrigerators and freezers at that time – there were not as many meat substitutes as there are today . The German population was then malnourished .
The populations of Austria and Germany were particularly vulnerable to the emerging crisis due to the population growth , and they are considered responsible for the outbreak of World War I. According to historians , the Germans were happy to go to the war.
The unfavorable change in climatic conditions (in the period 1914-1918) is evidenced by the charts in Fig. No. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, showing the deterioration of conditions affecting the efficiency of basic cereal crops in Germany. The decline in production per hectare observed in these years is an objective measure proving the deterioration of crop productivity resulting from the deterioration of the natural conditions of agricultural production. Another explanation for the decline in agricultural production in Germany during the war is also possible. I quote:
” The situation of the Central Powers was very difficult.( ). The British blockade became more and more severe, causing a severe shortage of non-ferrous metals and other raw materials. Human reserves were running out. The recruitment of men into the army resulted in a decline in agricultural production, and the possibility of importing food from Russia and overseas countries was eliminated. Rye and wheat production dropped from 16.5 million tons in 1913. to 9.5 million tons in 1917, potato production from 54 to 34.4 million tons. In industry, unskilled women were employed instead of men. Contrary to international law, workers were transported from occupied Belgium and Poland to forced labor in Germany. Food rationing did not prevent famine in the winter of 1916/17. Over 750,000 people died of starvation in Germany during the war ” ( Krasuski 1978:200).
Both factors mentioned above, i.e. climate change and the demographic effects of the war, are likely to have an impact on agricultural production in Germany. To explain to the reader what a 20% decline in grain production means, I will use a contemporary example. Currently, in the European Union, 20% of global grain production of all cereals is consumed by poultry farmers, i.e. producers of poultry meat and eggs. A 20% drop in grain production would mean depriving us of poultry products. Of course, market mechanisms protect us against depriving the market of these products, but due to the long-term crisis in plant production, meat prices are rising excessively, which worsens the food situation of the majority of every society. Of course, this always causes social conflict situations and susceptibility to the demagogy of populists calling for war.
The charts in Fig. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8 showing the deterioration of the climatic conditions and affecting the efficiency of basic cereal crops in Germany prove that changes in climate conditions (in the period 1914-1918) were unfavorable . The decrease in production per hectare in these years is an objective measure that proves the deterioration of crop efficiency Resulting from the deterioration of the natural conditions of agricultural production . There is also another explanation for the decline in agricultural production in Germany during the war. And quote :
“The situation of the central powers was very difficult (). The British blockade became more and more severe , resulting in an acute lack of non- ferrous metals and others raw materials. The recruitment of men to the army resulted in a decrease in employment and a decline in agricultural production . Stopped of importing food from Russia and overseas was eliminated . Rye and wheat production fell from 16.5 million tonnes in 1913. is 9.5 million tonnes in 1917, potato production from 54 to 34.4 million tonnes . In industry , unskilled women replacedmen . Contrary to international law, workers from occupied Belgium and Poland were deported to forced labor in Germany. Food rationing did not prevent the famine in the winter of 1916/17. Over 750,000 people died of hunger in Germany during the war” ( Krasuski 1978: 200).
Both of the above-mentioned factors , i.e climate change and the demographics effects of the war, are likely to have an impact on agricultural production in Germany. To explain to the reader what a 20% decrease in grain production means , I will use a modern example . Currently , in the European Union, 20% of the global grain.grain production of all cereals is consumed by poultry farmers , i.e. producers of poultry meat and eggs . A 20% drop in cereal production would therefore deprive us of poultry products. Of course , market mechanisms protect us from depleting the market of these products, but with the many years of crisis in plant production , meat prices are rising excessively , which worsens the food situation of most of everyone society . Of course , this always creates conflicting social situations and susceptibility to the demagogy of populists calling for war
Fig. 9. Grain harvest in Germany in quintals per hectare in the years 1875-1918 (author of the drawing: Bogdan Góralski). Source: Czesław Łuczak (2004), Economic history of Germany 1871-1990. Second Reich and the Weimar Republic, Poznań : Adam Mickiewicz University Scientific Publishers, data from tables No. 11, page 34 and No. 48, page 82.
Fig. 9. Cereal harvest in Germany in quintals per hectare in the years 1875-1918 (author of the drawing: Bogdan Góralski). Source: Czesław Łuczak (2004), Economic history of Germany 1871-1990. The Second Reich and the Weimar Republic, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, data from tables: no. 11 p.34 and no. 48 p.82.
In the years after World War I, the living conditions of the German-speaking nations deteriorated significantly, which resulted from the peace conditions after the lost war. This is manifested by a sharp decline in the number of births in these populations (see Figure 1). Germany (And Austria?) was forced to pay huge war reparations. Germany was also deprived of part of the territory of Upper Silesia, as well as Greater Poland and Pomerania (a total of about 50,000 km²), which were a food base for western, more populated Germany. Additionally, the communication cutoff of East Prussia greatly worsened the economic situation of Junker farms. The population of Germany, growing rapidly (see Fig. 1) in the years 1880-1910 (it was a time of global warming and a huge drop in wheat prices – see Fig. 10), now had to support itself and feed itself from a very limited territory. After the crisis in Germany was caused by the Treaty of Versailles and the Great Economic Crisis, people began to think about a new war.
“ In the period 1926-29, Europe experienced a period of great economic prosperity. The previously unprecedented technical progress multiplied production, although it contributed to the increase in unemployment, because the phenomenon of demographic decline was not yet known. Food prices fell due to the enormous production of overseas countries and the development of agricultural technology. This allowed industrialists not to increase workers’ wages, although on the other hand it reduced the purchasing power of the rural population, which sooner or later had to stop industrial production ” ( Krasuski 1975:243).
As he writes Grunberger, Richard ( Grunberger 1987:225):
” Hitler’s appointment as chancellor took place – as if to emphasize the central place of the agricultural question in state policy – the day before the previous chancellor, Schleicher , planned to publish a report on the official investigation into the “Aid to the East scandal” (so called because of the embezzlement of public funds intended for to save the fallen large farms in the East (i.e. east of the Elbe ).”
In the years after the First World War, the living conditions of the German- speaking nations worsened considerably , which resulted from the conditions of peace after the lost war. This is manifested by a sharp drop in the birth rate in these populations ( see Figure 1). Germany (And Austria?) Was forced to pay huge war reparations . Germany was also deprived of part of the territory of Upper Silesia, as well as Greater Poland and Pomerania (a total of about 50,000 km²), which were the food base for western, more populated Germany. In addition , the communication cut -off from East Prussia worsened the economic situation of Junker farms . The population of Germany, growing rapidly ( see Figure 1) between 1880 and 1910 ( this was a time of global warming and a huge drop in wheat prices – see Figure 10), now had to survive and feed on a very reduced territory . The reason for the crisis in Germany was the Treaty of Versailles and the Great Economic Crisis – people started thinking about a new war.
“In the period 1926-29, Europe experienced a period of great economic boom. The extraordinary technological progress multiplied production , although etc contributed to the increase in unemployment , as the phenomenon of the demographic decline was not yet known . Food commodity prices were falling due to the enormous production of overseas countries and the development of agricultural technology . This allowed industrialists not to increase workers ‘ wages , although on the other hand , etc reduced the purchasing power of the rural population , which sooner or later had to inhibit industrial production ” ( Krasuski 1975: 243).
As Grunberger Richard writes ( Grunberger 1987: 225):
” Hitler’s appointment as chancellor took place – as if to emphasize the central place of the agricultural issue in state policy – a day before the planned publication by the previous chancellor , Schleicher , of the official investigation into the”Aid to the East scandal “( defined as to save run-down large farms in the East “( ie east of the Elbe )”.
Historical literature emphasizes the mysterious and unexplained dualism of German (and European?, Polish?) agriculture. West of the Elbe, small and medium-sized farms dominated, and east of the river, large estates dominated. This is explained by the low population density of Eastern European areas ( Krasuski 1978:91). According to Today’s information can be interpreted differently. The boundary of regional climatic variability runs along the Elbe River, separating areas with oceanic climatic influences from areas with continental influences. In other words, to the east of the Elbe, natural conditions – lower rainfall – enabled profitable development only for large-scale agricultural farms – grain farms. Their existence in Prussia and Greater Poland resulted from centuries-old processes of economic adaptation of agricultural production to natural conditions. Conducted in Poland by the Soviet Union, the so-called the agricultural reform destroyed Poland’s optimal agricultural structure, which had been created for centuries. Nowadays, in order to resuscitate Polish agriculture, this structure must be recreated. European and global security depends on it. Poland’s future also depends on it.
The development of Nazism was possible thanks to the favorable political structure of the Weimar Republic. The co-author of the text of the Weimar Constitution was Hugo Preuss , coming from a Jewish family in Berlin, a “strong man” of German jurisprudence ( Ryszka 1975:142). According to Krasuski, the authors of the Weimar Republic were also other politicians of Jewish origin. It was the political solutions that created the Republic system that were responsible for enabling Hitler to gain power and, as a result, for the Holocaust.
Historical literature emphasizes the mysterious and so far unexplained dualism of German (and European ?, Polish ?) Agriculture . To the west of the Elbe , small and medium- sized farms dominated , and to the east of the river large estates dominated . This is explained by the low population density of Eastern European areas ( Krasuski 1978: 91). According to today’s information can be interpreted differently . Along the Elbe is the boundary of regional climate variability , which separates areas of oceanic climate influence from areas with continental influences . In other words , to the east of the Elbe , natural conditions – less rainfall , allowed for profitable development only for large-scale farms – grain farms . Their existence in Prussia and Greater Poland resulted from many centuries of economics adaptation of agricultural production to natural conditions . Carried out in Poland by the Soviet Union, the so-called agrarian reform destroyed Poland’s optimal agricultural structure that had arisen over the centuries . Nowadays , in order to revive Polish agriculture , this structure must be recreated because European and world security depend on it . The future of Poland also depends on it .
The development of Nazism was possible thanks to the political structure of the Weimar Republic in favor of it . The co- author of the text of the Weimar constitution was Hugo Preuss , coming from a Jewish family in Berlin, a ” strong man “of the German jurisprudence ( Ryszka 1975: 142). According to Krasuski , the authors of the Weimar Republic were also other politicians of Jews origin . It was the political solutions that made up the republic’s system that was responsible for enabling Hitler to gain power and, consequently , for the Holocaust.
After 1933, Germany adopted a very ambitious program for the development of own agriculture, for which huge funds were allocated from the state budget (Łuczak 2006:143 tab.30) see average harvest from 1935/38). In 1933 an act was announced limiting the mortgage interest rate to 4.5% and government loans were launched to improve agricultural infrastructure. The Reichsnãhrstand – the State of the Reich’s Breadwinners – was created – a powerful corporation associating 3 million farms, approximately 500,000 food and beverage stores, and 300,000 processing plants. It employed 20,000 full-time officials and 113,000 honorary activists. It decided on prices and wages in agriculture, production quotas and crop structure, and allocated scarce materials. Its elite consisted of wealthy peasants ( Grunberger 1987:228).
” Meanwhile, in agriculture, after less than three years of Hitler’s rule, the net income from 1 ha of agricultural land increased sevenfold in the group of “small” farms (5-50 ha in eastern Germany, 5-20 ha in western Germany) and “medium” farms (respectively : 50-200,20-100) two and a half times, in the large group (above these limits) – almost twice. However, in the group of “small” farms, the profitability did not exceed the pre-crisis level (1928-1929), in the group of “medium” farms it exceeded very slightly, and in the group of “large” farms it was twice as high (Ryszka 1975: 77 ) .
Germany adopted after the year 1933. a very ambitious program for the development of own agriculture , for which huge funds were allocated from the state budget (Łuczak 2006: 143 tab.30) see an average harvest from 1935/38) In 1933, a law was announced that reduced the interest rate on mortgage loans to 4.5% and government loans were launched to improve agricultural infrastructure . The Reichsnãhrstand – Reich Foodstate was established – a powerful corporation with 3 million farms , around 500,000 food and drink stores, and 300,000 processing plants were created . It employed 20,000 full-time officials and 113,000 fees activists . It decided on prices and wages in agriculture , production quotas and the structure of crops , and allocated scarce materials. Its elite were rich peasants ( Grunberger 1987: 228).
” Meanwhile , in agriculture , after less than three years of Hitler’s rule , the income from 1 ha of net agricultural land increased in the group of” small ” farms (5-50 ha in eastern Germany, 5-20 ha in western Germany) seven times , in ” medium ” group ( respectively : 50-200, 20-100) two and a half times , in the group of large ( above these limits ) – almost twice . In the group of “small” farms , the profitability did not exceed the level from before the crisis (1928-1929), in the group of “medium” farms etc exceeded only slightly , in the group of ” large ” farms it was twice as high “( Ryszka 1975: 77).
The food problems of Nazi Germany were influenced by the customs war with Poland (late 1930s), which prevented the export of Polish food to Germany. Food shortages were covered by imports from other countries. However, Germany lacked foreign exchange due to the huge needs for importing raw materials for German industry. In this situation, the climate crisis that began in 1933 (See Fig. 6) brought a downturn in German agriculture. There is no detailed data on this economic downturn, however, it is known that an agricultural crisis occurred in the western voivodeships of Poland in the years 1935-39 (especially in 1937) ( Landau , Tomaszewski 1989, volume IV:295-296), which may also indicate an agricultural crisis in Germany. Two years before the aggression against Poland, a food rationing system was introduced in Germany (Łuczak 2006:134). In the years 1933-35 there was a 34% increase in farm income due to the increase in prices for agricultural products in the city, which indicates a reduction in food supply. Then the income stopped, and from 1937 “price scissors” began to work against farmers again. This is due to the inflation mechanism in which an increase in food prices causes an increase in wages and industry costs. That year, their share in national income was only about 17%, although their share in national product was up to 24%. Although farmers’ incomes increased by 37%, the average wage increased by 50% and profits from trade and industry by 88% ( Grunberger 1987). The increase in spending on chemicals and machinery (expensive labor!) meant that in the 1937/38 production year the village’s debt was twice as high as the total value of agricultural production . In fact, the debt of small farms was already growing much earlier. In medium- and large-sized companies, this trend was the opposite. The process of rural depopulation was analogous; while large estates lost every tenth employee in the years 1935-37, every third employee left small farms. German farmers were aging, and the flight of young people from the land created labor problems. At harvest time in 1938 100,000 workers from Hungary and Italy worked in Germany. During the last years of the Weimar Republic, the village was depopulated at a rate of 1.5% per year, and during the Third Reich 2.5% per year ( Grunberger 1987). Before the war, 50% of the rural workforce were unpaid women. Their working time was 1/10 longer than that of men and amounted to an average of 75 hours/week, and during harvest time it exceeded 100 hours/week. The largest share of work went to women over 65. On small farms, women performed ¾ of the work, on medium-sized farms ½ and on large farms ¼. It is therefore not surprising that women were the driving force behind mass emigration to cities. Out of 100 weddings of girls from farming families, only 25 were married to farmers ( Grunberger 1987).
The food problems of Nazi Germany were influenced by the customs war with Poland ( late 1930s), which made etc impossible to export Polish food to Germany. Food shortages were covered by imports from other countries . However , Germany lacked foreign exchange due to the enormous need to import raw materials for the German industry . In this situation , the climate crisis began in 1933. ( See Fig. 6) brought a downturn in German agriculture . There are no detailed data about this downturn , but it is known that the agricultural crisis occurred in the western provinces of Poland in the years 1935-39 ( especially in 1937) ( Landau , Tomaszewski 1989 vol. IV: 295-296), which may also indicate a crisis in agriculture in Germany. Two years before the aggression against Poland, a food rationing system was introduced in Germany (Łuczak 2006: 134). In the years 1933-35, there was an increase of 34% in farm income due to the increase in prices for agricultural products in the city , which proves a reduction in the food supply . Next , the income increase stopped , and from 1937. the ” price scissors ” started working against Farmers again . This is due to the inflation mechanism in which the increase in food prices causes an increase in wages and costs of industry . This year , the agricultural sector share in the national income amounted to only about 17%, although their share in the nation product reached 24%. Although farmers ‘ incomes increased by 37%, at the same time the average weight increased by 50% and profits from trade and industry by 88% ( Grunberger 1987). Due to the increase in expenses on chemicals and machines ( caused by expensive labor !), the village’s debt in the production year 1937/38 was twice as high as the total value of agricultural production . In fact , small farm indebtedness had grown much earlier . In the medium and large farms , the trend was the opposite . The process of depopulation of villages was similar ; While in the years 1935-37 every tenth employee left the large estates , every third left small farms . German farmers grow old and the flight of young Farmers created problems with the workforce . In the harvest season in 1938. 100,000 employees from Hungary and Italy worked in Germany. During the last years of the Weimar Republic, the village was depopulated at the rate of 1.5% per year , and 2.5% per year during the Third Reich ( Grunberger 1987). Before the war, 50% of the workforce in the countryside was unpaid women . Their working time was 1/10 longer than that of men and amounted to an average of 75 hours / week , and during the harvest , it exceeded 100 hours / week . Most of the work was done by women over 65. In small farms , women performed 75% of work , in medium- sized farms – ½ and in large farms – ¼. No wonder that women were the driving force behind mass emigration to cities . For 100 weddings of girls from agricultural families , only 25 were marriages with farmers ( Grunberger 1987).
A certain contribution to knowledge about the real problems of the Reich on the eve of World War II is document no. 365 of January 14, 1938 about Adolf Hitler’s views on the international situation (Sierpowski 1992). On page 284 there is a statement by A. Hitler – I quote:
” England does not want to understand the essential needs of the colonies for Germany. These needs result from the economic structure of Germany itself, which cannot feed itself without colonies .
And then a quote from page 285:
” The Chancellor points to the economic difficulties resulting from feeding 68 million people .”
In 1940 wheat production in Germany decreased by 22% compared to the average from 1935-38 (Łuczak 2006), which continued and deepened until 1944. (decrease in wheat production by 28%). Agricultural production declined throughout Europe during these years. Food stamps were introduced in the USA during the war, which also proves the problems with agricultural production. Decline in food production in Germany in the years after 1933. could have caused pro-war sentiments among the starving population and their susceptibility to nationalist slogans of gaining living space for the German nation. The unsatisfied increase in demand for food caused by the general increase in income of German society was also responsible for the increase in pro-war attitudes ( Ryszka 1975:77).
In document No. 330, a description of the internal situation in Germany from April 4, 1936. according to the diary of the United States ambassador WE Dodd (Sierpowski 1992) on page 135 quotes a conversation between Adolf Hitler and Roy Howard:
” When Hitler burst out complaining that Germany had 340 inhabitants per square mile and no land to go to, Howard asked: “Why then do you pay each woman a certain amount for the birth of a third child and an even higher amount for the birth of a fourth child? and you reward people who get married?” .
Hitler then refused to answer. Since 1933 The German government paid the newlyweds $125 million. Yet the growth of the population of the Third Reich must mean war or the “peaceful” annexation of foreign territories.
Document no. 365 of January 14, 1938. on Adolf Hitler’s views on the international situation (Sierpowski 1992). On page 284 there is a statement by A. Hitler – I quote :
“England refuses to understand the colony’s essential needs.needs necessary for Germany. These needs.needs result from the very economics structure of Germany, which cannot feed without the colonies .
And further a quote from page 285:
“The Chancellor points to the economy difficulties Resulting from feeding 68 million people .”
In 1940 wheat production in Germany decreased by 22% compared to the average from 1935-38 (Łuczak 2006), which continued and deepened until 1944. ( decrease in wheat production by 28%). Agricultural production hass declined throughout Europe during these years . Food stamps were introduced in the United States during the war, which also proves problems with agricultural production . Decline in food production in Germany in the years after 1933. could evoke pro-war moods among the starving population and its susceptibility to the nationalist slogans of gaining living space for the German nation . The increase in pro-war attitudes was also caused by the unsatisfied increase in demand for food caused by the general increase in the income of German society ( Ryszka 1975: 77).
In document no. 330, description of the internal situation in Germany of 04/04/1936. by in the journal of the US Ambassador WE Dodd (Sierpowski 1992), page 135 quotes Adolf Hitler’s conversation with Roy Howard:
” When Hitler broke out with a complaint that Germany had 340 inhabitants per square mile and that there was no land they could go to, Howard asked ” Why then do you pay each woman a certain amount to bear a third child and even more to give birth to a fourth child ? and you reward people who get married ? “.
Hitler then refused to answer . From 1933. the German government paid the newlyweds $125 million . And yet the increase in the population of the Third Reich must mean war or ” peaceful ” annexation of other people’s territories .
In the years 1924-1929, there was good economic prosperity in Europe – this resulted in good moods and talks about everlasting peace. Then, from 1929 to 1936, came the global economic collapse and the Wall Street crisis . In December 1931 the number of registered unemployed in Germany exceeded 5 million. On December 8, the German president signed a decree at the request of Chancellor Bruning , lowering wages, prices, and interest rates, while increasing taxes. It was a painful blow to the already low standard of living of German society. There was an economic crisis and, on top of that, Germany was paying off war reparations. German society then suffered from hunger, cold, had no work and no hope for a better future (Bullock 1975:179).
In 1931, there were 232 unemployed per 1,000 workers and white-collar workers (total 4,519.7 thousand). In 1938, unemployment ceased to be a social problem, and the number of unemployed people amounted to 429.5 thousand, which meant a decrease of over tenfold ( Ryszka 1975:81-82). In the fall of 1933, the ” Winterhilfswerk ” winter relief campaign initiated by the Nazis began . It was initially intended as a benefit for the unemployed and their families.
” During the winter of 1933/34, when the not entirely voluntary collection was widespread, an amount of 358 million marks was collected in cash and material values, which is more than half of what all those employed in production earned the year before. It is not surprising that almost 16 million people could benefit from “winter assistance”. Even more was collected the following winter, and even more in 1936. Of course, the donations from the cans amounted to a small part of the total amount, because “winter aid” was in fact a kind of taxation of all groups of society, especially among middle-income earners, small industrialists and merchants. However, the effect was unmistakable. On the one hand, there appeared to be a symbol of solidarity between the wealthier and the poor, on the other – the economic value of the benefits was not without significance ” ( Ryszka 1975:83-84).
Then began the career of Adolf Hitler, who had a remedy for all the ills of the German nation. In the program of the Nazi Party, adopted in 1920. point 3 says:
” We demand land and land to feed our nation and settle the surplus population ” (Bullock 1975).
In the years 1924-1929, there was good economic prosperity in Europe – it caused good moods and talks about everlasting peace . Then, in 1929-1936, came the world economics collapse and the Wall Street crisis . In December 1931. the number of unemployed registered in Germany has exceeded 5 million . On December 8, the German president signed a decree at the request of Chancellor Bruning , which reduced wages , prices , and interest rates while increasing taxes . It was a painful blow to the already low standard of living in German society . There was an economics crisis , and moreover , Germany was paying off war damages . The society of Germany was then hungry , freeze , without work , and no hope for a better future (Bullock 1975: 179).
In 1931, there were 232 unemployed per 1,000 employed workers and white-collar workers (a total of 4,519.7 thousand ). In 1938, unemployment ceased to be a social problem, and the number of unemployed was 429.5 thousand , which meant a decrease of more than tenfold ( Ryszka 1975: 81-82). In the fall of 1933, the ” Winterhilfswerk ” campaign to help the poor began , initiated by the Nazis . It was conceived first as a benefit for the unemployed and their families .
“ During the winter of 1933/34, when the non- voluntary fundraising campaign was not fully voluntary , 358 million Marks were raised in cash and in material value , which is more than half of what all those employment in production had earned a year earlier . It is not surprising that nearly 16 million people were able to benefit from ” winter aid “. Even more , was collected the next winter , and even more in 1936. Of course , the can donation was a small fraction of the total amount , because ” winter aid ” was in fact a kind of taxation for all sections of society , especially in the group of middle-earners , small- scale industrialists , and merchants . The effect , however , was undoubted . On one side there was a symbol of solidarity between the wealthier and the poor , on the other – the economic value of the benefits was not without significance ” ( Ryszka 1975: 83-84).
It was then that the career of Adolf Hitler began as a remedy for all the ills of the German nation . In the program of the Nazi party, adopted in 1920 point 3 says :
“We demand land and lands to feed our nation and settle the surplus of the population ” (Bullock 1975).
Based on the above, it can be concluded that World War II was built into the terms of the Versailles Agreement dictated by the United States. The Treaty of Versailles destroyed the power of Germany, the main competitor of the USA, and directed its aggression towards the east.
The problem of Lebensraum has been the subject of constant consideration in Germany since the rapid population growth (in the second half of the 19th century) and rapid economic development. The European population increased from 266 to 401 million between 1850 and 1900. Population growth has been different in different countries. The excess population found its outlet in emigration to the USA. During this time, the population of the United States increased over 3.5 times from 23 to 92 million (Szpak 1997:158).
In Mein Kampf, Hitler talks about four possible solutions to the problem of German expansion. He rejected the first two solutions as too defeatist:
- limiting natural growth
- intensification of the use of existing land.
- overseas commercial expansion along the lines of the English one. This policy, previously pursued by the Kaiser’s Germany, led to a clash with the English power.
The fourth solution that Hitler advocated was a continental policy of territorial expansion eastwards, in finding living space for Germany in the fertile plains of Poland, Ukraine and Russia. Such a policy meant taking up the old fight against the Slavs and a civilizing mission in the east based on the belief in German cultural superiority (Bullock 1975). Meanwhile, as we see today, the condition for Germany’s development is cooperation with the Slavs and the removal of economic barriers on the Eurasian borders.
Based on the above , it can be concluded that World War II was built into the terms of the Versailles Treaty dictated by the United States . The Treaty of Versailles destroyed the power of Germany, the main competitor of the USA, and directed their aggression to the east.
The Lebensraum problem has been the subject of constant consideration in Germany since the increased population growth (in the second half of the 19th century ) and rapid economic development. TheEuropean _ population in the years 1850-1900 increased from 266 to 401 million . Population growth was different in different countries . The excess population found an outlet in emigration to the USA. During this time , the population of the United States increased more than 3.5 times , from 23 to 92 million (Szpak 1997: 158).
In Mein Kampf, Hitler talks about four possible solutions to the problem of German expansion . He rejected the first two solutions as too defeatist :
• limiting the birth rate
• intensification of the use of the land already owned .
• overseas trade expansion similar to the English one. Such a policy, previously pursued by Kaiser Germany, led to a clash with the power of England.
The fourth solution advocated by Hitler was in the continental policy of territorial expansion to the east, in seeking a living space for Germany in the fertile plains of Poland, Ukraine , and Russia. Such a policy meant undertaking the former struggle with the Slavs and a civilization mission in the east based on faith in German culture superiority (Bullock 1975). Meanwhile , as we can see today , the conditions for the development of Germany is cooperation with the Slavs and the removal of economics barriers at the Euro- Asian borders .
Our salvation in the child. If we pay for this war with a quarter of a million dead and a hundred thousand disabled people, they will be repaid to us by the surplus of births that the German nation has shown since the takeover of power – they will return to us in multiplied numbers in the settlements that I will provide for German blood in the East. I would feel like a criminal if I only sacrificed blood
for the possibility of capitalist use of nature’s treasures. The right to land by eternal natural law accrues to whoever acquires it when the old borders do not provide sufficient space for the growing nation. The fact that we have children who want to live justifies our claims for the newly acquired space in the East. The fact that we have a surplus of children will be our happiness, because it creates necessity, and necessity forces us to act, we are not in danger of getting stuck at the stage of development that gives us an advantage today .
Necessity forces us to stay at the top of technological progress, it itself ensures progress (Hitler 1996:247-246) . These words explain the post-war successes of Japan, West Germany, South Korea and China after Mao’s death.
Our rescue in a child . If we pay for this war with a quarter of a million dead and a hundred thousand cripples , etc will return to us in the surplus of births shown by the German nation since the seizure of power – they will return to us in a multiplied number in the settlements that I will provide for German blood in the East. And would feel like a criminal if I only sacrificed my blood
for the possibility of capitalist use of the treasures of nature . The right to land by virtue of the eternal natural law belongs to those who acquire etc when the old limits do not provide sufficient space for a growing nation . The fact that we have children who wants to live justifies our claims for the newlyweds acquired space in the East. The fact that we have a surplus of children will be ours happiness because etc creates a necessity , and the necessity forces us to act , we do not risk being stuck in the stage of development, which today gives us an advantage .
The necessity that forces us to stay at the top of technological progress , by itself ensures progress (Hitler 1996: 247-246). These words explain the post-war successes of Japan, West Germany, South Korea, and China after Mao’s death .
Food shortage causes a suppression of sexual needs in society, which increases stress, causing tensions in social relationships. This reliably results in an increase in aggression levels. Hitler, by announcing a program to support the development of the German family, removed the stress of suppressing sexual needs, which caused euphoria among the masses. His program and actions gave the German nation hope for a better life, and it is no wonder that the elites and masses followed him. We should not stir up German-Slavic conflicts because peace is our salvation.
Since 1925, German politicians have been constantly thinking about changing Poland’s western borders resulting from the Treaty of Versailles. The separation of East Prussia from Germany by Polish territory was a painful blow to the profitability of Junker large-scale grain farms. Germany’s loss of almost 50,000 km² of fertile agricultural land to Poland ( Krasuski 1975) was the source of the simmering conflict that ended in World War II. The importance of agricultural areas is demonstrated by Hans Delbrück’s expert analysis of the way World War I was conducted by the German General Staff . I quote:
” It was necessary to abandon the attack on France, thus avoiding violating Belgium’s neutrality. Using positional and defensive tactics on the Western Front, it was necessary to attack Russia with the main forces in order to capture agricultural areas that would allow the war to continue for a long time. Its result should have been a compromise peace ” ( Krasuski 1978:192).
November 5, 1937 A. Hitler said at a secret meeting in the Reich Chancellery:
” The goal of German policy is to strengthen and preserve the racial community and expand it. So it’s a living space issue .”
He further stated that Germany would never be self-sufficient in raw materials, nor would it ever be able to feed its growing population from its own sources. They cannot count on an increase in foreign trade either, because competition on world markets, which they cannot eliminate, limits their possibilities. The future will only provide the Germans with the acquisition of additional living space (Bullock 1975:334). Let’s provide thrifty Germans with the living space they need and use their inexhaustible life energy.
Food scarcity causes society to repress sexual needs , which increases the stress that causes tension in society relationships . This reliably results in an increase in the level of aggression . By announcing a program to support the development of the German family, Hitler removed the stress of suppression sexual needs , which caused the euphoria of the masses . His program and the actions performed gave the German people hope for a better life, and it is no wonder that the elite and the masses followed him . We should not arouse German-Slavic conflicts because peace is our salvation .
As early as 1925, German politicians were constantly thinking about changing the western Polish borders Resulting from the Treaty of Versailles. The cutting off of East Prussia from Germany on Polish the territory was a painful blow to the profitability of Junker’s large-scale grain.grain farms . The loss by Germany to Poland of almost 50,000 km² of fertile agricultural land ( Krasuski 1975) was the source of a smoldering conflict that ended with World War II. The importance of agricultural areas is evidenced by the expertise of the manner in which World War I was conducted by the German general staff by Hans Delbrück . And quote :
”The attack on France had to be abandoned , thus avoiding violation of Belgium’s neutrality . Using positional and defensive tactics on the Western Front, it was necessary to strike Russia with the main forces in order to capture agricultural land that would allow for a long war. Its result there should be a compromise peace ” ( Krasuski 1978: 192).
November 5, 1937. A. Hitler said at a secret meeting in the Reich Chancellery :
“The aim of German policy is to strengthen and preserve the racial community and expansion it . Sat etc is a living space issue . “
He further stated that Germany would never be self-sufficient in terms of raw materials, nor could etc ever provide food for a growing population from its own resources . They also cannot count on an increase in foreign trade, because competition in the world markets , which they cannot eliminate , limits their possibilities . The future of the Germans is with additional living space (Bullock 1975: 334). Let us provide Germans with the necessary living space and let us use their inexhaustible life energy .
The Nazis’ seizure of power began the formation of a new German elite. According to research by Wolfgang Schäfer (1957), in 1930, 26.3% of the NSDAP were workers and 24.4% were white-collar workers. The growth curve of NSDAP members runs almost perfectly parallel to the increase in unemployment until the end of 1931. Later, however, the ranks of the NSDAP grow relatively four times faster. With 5.8 million unemployed people, the number of NSDAP members is almost 1.3 million. The social structure of the Partito Nazionale was similar Fascista before the march on Rome. Well, out of 151 thousand party members surveyed by the Third Party Congress in November 1921, 67,000. that is, over 40% belong to the “world of work” – people earning their living from hired work. The percentage of agricultural workers was particularly high, reaching almost 20% ( Ryszka 1975:32-33).
“On average, 20 percent of all officer licenses in the Republican Reichswehr went to the aristocracy. In the later years of the Weimar era, this tendency intensified: the share of aristocrats among newly appointed second lieutenants increased from 21 percent in 1922 to 36 percent ten years later (could this be evidence of the economic crisis in the landowners’ estates? – author’s note ). Moreover, in the period preceding the “takeover of power”, second lieutenants turned out to be the most Nazi layer in the officer corps. In the years 1933-1939, thanks to promotions, “conversions” and new recruitment, the party’s total penetration in the officer corps reached the rank of major; it was only during the war that the wave of Nazism reached the highest levels of the military hierarchy. (…) The percentage of aristocrats among generals decreased from 61 percent in 1920 to 25 percent in 1936 (Berger 1994:170-171). This proves the exchange of elites in the German army, which also took place in the political elites of the Third Reich.
The seizure of power by the Nazis initiated the formation of a new German elite . According to a study by Wolfgang Schäfer (1957), in 1930, 26.3% of the composition of the NSDAP were workers , and 24.4% white-collar workers . The growth curve of NSDAP members number runs almost perfectly in parallel with the rise in unemployment until the end of 1931. Later , however , the NSDAP ranks grow relatively four times faster . With 5.8 million unemployed , the number of NSDAP members is almost 1.3 million . The social structure of the Partito Nazionale Fascista was similar before the march on Rome. Well , out of 151 thousand party members , surveyed by the Third Party Congress in November 1921, 67 thousand that is , over 40% must be included in the ” world of work ” – people who make a living from paid employment . The percentage of agricultural workers was particularly high, reaching almost 20% ( Ryszka 1975: 32-33).
“On average , 20 percent of all Republican Reichswehr officer patents went to the aristocracy . In the later years of the Weimar era, this tendencies intensified even more : the share of aristocrats among the newlyweds appointment second lieutenants increased from 21 percent in 1922 to 36 percent ten years later ( could this is a testimony to an economics crisis in landowners ‘ estates ? – author’s note ). In addition , the second lieutenants turned out to be the most Nazi layer in the officer corps in the period preceding the ” seizure of power “. In the years 1933-1939, thanks to promotions , ” conversions ” and new recruitment , the total penetration of the party into the officer corps reached the rank of major; it was only during the war that the wave of Nazism reached the highest ranks of the military hierarchy. (..) The percentage of aristocrats among generals fell from 61 percent in 1920 to 25 percent in 1936 (Berger 1994: 170-171). This tests to the replacement of elites in the German army , which also took place in the political elites of the Third Reich.
The presented historical facts confirm once again my assumptions about the causal relationship between changing environmental conditions (climatic conditions) and the behavior of societies of biological organisms , including human societies. The social drive for war results from aggression caused by the deterioration of living conditions. War is a means to remove the cause causing stress and, in the case of Germany, a means to increase living space in order to feed the nation. Adolf Hitler was a leader who promised to meet the biological needs of the German people and therefore gained public support. Adolf Hitler was a populist and wanted to restore the greatness and dignity to Germany that was taken away from them by the creators of the Weimar Republic, which is why he pursued anti-Semitic policies and led to the Holocaust. Hitler knew about the role of Jews in the overthrow of the Russian Empire and the Bolshevik coup, and in order to regain control over the German economy, he had to eliminate the Jewish minority in Germany. The Holocaust of the Jews resulted from their strong economic position in German society due to their solidarity, shrewd business policies, and numbers (522,000 in 1933) that helped them take control of the German economy. This aroused opposition from the Germans, which resulted in anti-Semitism. The Weimar Republic was a project of German Jews that gained support in the USA because it eliminated the German Empire, which was the main economic opponent of the United States of America.
The presented historical facts confirm once again my assumptions about the causality relationship between changing environmental conditions ( climate conditions ) and the behavior of societies of biological organisms , including human societies . The social drive for war results from aggression caused by the deterioration of living conditions . War is a means to remove the cause of stress and, in the case of Germany, a means to increase living space to feed the nation . Adolf Hitler was a leader who promised to meet the biological needs of the German people and therefore won public support . Adolf Hitler was a populist and wanted to restore the greatness and dignity to Germany that had been taken from them by the founders of the Weimar Republic, therefore he pursued an anti-Semitic policy and led to the Holocaust. Hitler knew about the role of the Jews in the overthrow of the Russian Empire and the Bolshevik coup , and in order to regain control of the German economy , he had to liquidate the Jews minorities in Germany. The Holocaust of the Jews resulted from their strong economics position in German society due to their solidarity , clever business policies , and numbers (522,000 in 1933) that helped them yes control of the German economy . It was opposed by the Germans , which caused anti-Semitism . The Weimar Republic was a project of German Jews , which gained support in the USA because it was the way that liquidated the German Empire , which was the main economics opponent of the United States of America .
The lack of food and its high prices cause wars and revolutions. If we do not understand this now, we will face a global revolution and the liquidation of the elites, as well as a global war in the future.
The USA is preparing for a global showdown with Russia and China because it is facing a huge economic crisis that will cause an internal crisis and a change of elites, i.e. a revolution. To avoid this, they are preparing for a war that will distract the American society from social problems. American bloodthirsty capitalism has exhausted its development reserves and is therefore striving for a military confrontation on the Eurasian continent, which is a condition for the continued existence of the USA.
The lack of food and its high prices cause wars and revolution . If we do not understand this , now we face a global revolution and elite elimination , and a global war to come .
The US is preparing for the global game with Russia and China because etc is facing a huge economics crisis , which Will cause an internal crisis and an exchange of elites , i.e. a revolution . To avoid this , they prepare for a war that distracts American society from social problems . American bloodthirsty capitalism hass exhausted its development reserves and that is why etc seeks a military confrontation on the Euro- Asian continent , which is a condition for the continued existence of the USA.
Warsaw, September 15, 2020, 3:35 am Bogdan Góralski
Translated into English May 2021
